Reflexão metodológica sobre o trabalho de campo de pesquisa internacional multicêntrica Brasil-Canadá / Reflexión metodológica sur el trabajo de campo de la investigación internacional multi sitio Brasil-Canadá / Methodological reflection about the fieldwork of an international multisite research Brazil-Canada

Resumo Objetivo Apresentar o resultado de uma reflexão metodologicamente estruturada sobre o caminho trilhado em todas as fases de uma pesquisa internacional no Brasil sobre a implementação do Programa de Humanização do Pré-natal e do Nascimento e seus atores sociais. Método Método reflexivo de pesquisa que conduz à percepção modificada de uma dada situação levando a novas ideias, com o potencial de revelar temas de análise e engendrar propostas de possíveis soluções com desenho de um plano de ação. O objeto das reflexões concentrou-se nas participações dos copesquisadores de um estudo etnográfico internacional, multidisciplinar e multicêntrico implantado em Junho/2019-Março/2020. Resultados As reflexões indicam sensibilidade sobre o tema e silêncio imposto em relação à violência obstétrica. Sob múltiplas manifestações da violência institucionalizada, constatou-se ações como resistência ao assunto na rede hospitalar, negligência e questionamentos distorcidos nos espaços políticos de autorização para a anuência institucional. A demora por comitê de ética colocando em risco o calendário de conclusão da condução da pesquisa, exigido por agência estrangeira de fomento. Conclusão e implicação para a prática A reflexão estruturada possibilitou um processo ímpar de aprendizagem para os copesquisadores navegando em distintas culturas universitárias e sociais de pesquisa.

Resumen Objetivo Presentar resultados de una reflexión estructurada metodológicamente sobre el camino metodológico seguido en todas las fases de una investigación internacional en Brasil sobre la implementación del Programa de Humanización del Cuidado Prenatal y el Nacimiento y sus actores sociales. Método Método de investigación reflexiva que conduce a una percepción modificada de una situación dada, dando lugar a nuevas ideas, con el potencial de revelar temas de análisis y generar propuestas de posibles soluciones con el diseño de un plan de acción. El objeto de las reflexiones se centró en la participación de los co-investigadores en una investigación etnográfica internacional, multidisciplinar y multi sitio implementada en Junio / 2019-Marzo / 2020. Resultados Las reflexiones indican sensibilidad sobre el tema y silencio impuesto en relación a la violencia obstétrica. Bajo múltiples manifestaciones de violencia institucionalizada, hubo acciones como resistencia al tema en el ámbito hospitalario, negligencia y cuestionamientos distorsionados en los espacios políticos de autorización para el consentimiento institucional y demora por parte del comité de ética, poniendo en riesgo el calendario para completar la realización de la investigación requerida para una agencia de desarrollo extranjera. Conclusión e implicación para la práctica La reflexión estructurada permitió un proceso de aprendizaje único para los co-investigadores que navegaron en diferentes culturas universitarias y de investigación social.

Abstract Aim To present the results of a structured reflection on the methodological phases of an international research in Brazil regarding the implementation of the Program of Humanization of Prenatal and Childbirth, as well as, reflection on the project's social actors. Method A reflective research method that modifies the perception of a given situation, leading to new ideas, revealing themes of analysis, and engendering proposals for possible solutions with the creation of an action plan. The object of the reflection was the participation of co-investigators in an international, multidisciplinary, and multisite ethnographic study, implemented in June/2019-March/2020. Results The reflections indicate emotional sensitivity to the theme and silence about obstetric violence. There are multiple manifestations of institutionalized violence including resistance to confronting obstetric violence in hospital settings, negligence and distorted questioning in the political spaces of organizational authorization. The delay caused by a research ethics committee put the timetable for completion of research development at risk by requiring funding from a foreign agency. Conclusion and implication for practice Structured reflection allowed a unique learning process for co-investigators navigating different university and social research cultures.

Differences in prostate cancer detection between Canadian and Saudi populations

Few studies have addressed racial differences in prostate cancer (PCa) detection between Western and Arabian countries, although PCa has a significantly lower prevalence in Arabic populations compared to Western populations. Therefore, an explanation of this difference is lacking. Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a valuable marker used to select patients who should undergo prostate biopsies, although the manner in which it is used may require adjustments based on the ethnic population in question. We investigated racial differences in the PCa detection rate between Canadian and Saudi populations. A retrospective analysis was performed of data collected prospectively over 5 consecutive years in urology clinics at the McGill University Health Center (MUHC) and King Saud University Hospital (KSUH). Men who had high (>4'ng/mL) or rising PSA levels and a negative digital rectal examination were eligible. A total of 1403 Canadian and 414 Saudi patients were evaluated for the study; 717 and 158 men, median age 64 and 68 years, were included in the MUHC and KSUH cohorts, respectively, P<0.0001). Median serum PSA, prostate volume, and PSA density values were 6.1'ng/mL, 47.3 g, and 0.12'ng·mL−1·g−1, respectively, for MUHC patients and 5.2'ng/mL, 64.5'g, and 0.08'ng·mL−1·g−1, respectively, for KSUH patients (P<0.0001, t-test followed by one-way ANOVA). In addition, the KSUH group had a significantly lower PCa detection rate among patients younger than 60 years of age and with PSA values <10'ng/mL.

Seroprevalence of HIV infection in Himachal Pradesh.

Serum samples from 2645 individuals representing all the twelve districts of Himachal Pradesh were screened for antibodies to Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), employing ELISA test. These were categorised into four major high risk groups, viz, patients attending STD clinics (1305), voluntary blood donors (1012), hospital staff dealing with blood and blood products (200) and foreign nationals (128). No evidence of HIV infection was found in Himachali population. Two foreign nationals were repeatedly found positive for HIV antibodies by ELISA test and these were confirmed by Western Blot technique.